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实用英语写作技巧之第十八单元 推展段落方法之九——因果法（Ⅱ）
作者:abscottlee 阅读次数:3572
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[color=navy][size=3][b]18[/b][b][font=宋体]．[/font]1[/b][b][font=宋体]原因法[/font][/b][/size][/color]
[size=3][color=navy][font=宋体]有时，一个结果会源于几个原因。同样，段落可或以结果开头或以结果结束，作者可以从熟悉到不熟悉的原因逐一分析，或是从分析一个又一个读者不熟悉的原因开头，最后引出读者熟悉的结果。选用哪一种，决定于作者认为哪一种更有说服力。[/font][/color][/size]
[color=navy][size=3][font=宋体]示范段落[/font]18-1[/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3]Several changes have brought wild animals to the cities[font=宋体]．[/font]Foremost is[font=宋体]，[/font]that air and water quality in many cities have improved as a result of the 1970's pollution control efforts[font=宋体]．[/font]Meanwhile[font=宋体]，[/font]rural areas have been built up[font=宋体]，[/font]leaving many animals on the edges of suburbs[font=宋体]．[/font]In addition[font=宋体]，[/font]urban wildlife refuges have been created[font=宋体]．[/font]The Greater London Council last year spent [font=宋体]＄[/font]750,000 to buy land and build 10 permanent wildlife refuges in the city[font=宋体]．[/font]As a result[font=宋体]，[/font]many big birds are now living in the city[font=宋体]．[/font]For peregrine falcons cities are actully safer than rural cliff dwellings[font=宋体]．[/font]By 1970 the birds had died out east of the Mississippi because DDT had made their eggs too thin to support life[font=宋体]．[/font]That year[font=宋体]，[/font]scientist Tom Cade of Cornell University began raising the birds for release in cities[font=宋体]，[/font]for cities afforded plentyof food[font=宋体]．[/font][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3][b]18[/b][b][font=宋体]．[/font]2 [/b][b][font=宋体]示范段落分析[/font][/b][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3][font=宋体]主题句：[/font]Several changes have brought wild animals to the cities[font=宋体]．[/font][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3][font=宋体]因果模式（[/font]Cause-effect Pattern[font=宋体]）：[/font][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3][font=宋体]结果（[/font]Effect[font=宋体]）：[/font]wild animals back to the cities[/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3][font=宋体]原因（[/font]Causes[font=宋体]）：[/font] 1[font=宋体]．[/font]Air and water quality have improved[font=宋体]．[/font][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3]2[font=宋体]．[/font]Rural areas have been built up[font=宋体]．[/font][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3]3[font=宋体]．[/font]Urban wildlife refuges have been created[font=宋体]．[/font][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3][b]18[/b][b][font=宋体]．[/font]3 [/b][b][font=宋体]因—果—因法[/font][/b][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3][font=宋体]有时候，一个原因也许会引起一个结果，这个结果又成为另一个结果的原因，如示范段落[/font]18-2[font=宋体]所示。[/font][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3][font=宋体]示范段落[/font]18-2[/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3]For some time now[font=宋体]，[/font]medical scientists have noted an alarming increase in disease of the heart and circulation among people who smoke cigarettes[font=宋体]．[/font]It has been found that the presence of nicotine in the blood stream causes blood vessels to contract[font=宋体]，[/font]thus slowing circulation[font=宋体]，[/font]which eventully leads to hardening of the arteries[font=宋体]．[/font]As the arteries stiffen[font=宋体]，[/font]less blood reaches the brain[font=宋体]，[/font]and the end result of this slowdown is the cerebral hemorrhage[font=宋体]，[/font]commonly referred to as a[font=宋体]“[/font]stroke[font=宋体]”．[/font]In addition[font=宋体]，[/font]nicotine in the bloodstream reduces the ability of the hemoglobin to release oxygen[font=宋体]，[/font]resulting in shortness of breath[font=宋体]．[/font]The lack of oxygen forces the heart to beat faster[font=宋体]—[/font]that is[font=宋体]，[/font]the pulse rate increases[font=宋体]—[/font]and in turn accelerates the risk of heart attack[font=宋体]．[/font][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3][b]18[/b][b][font=宋体]．[/font]4[/b][b][font=宋体]．示范段落分析[/font][/b][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3][font=宋体]因[/font]-[font=宋体]果[/font]-[font=宋体]因模式（[/font]Cause-Effect-Cause Pattern[font=宋体]）：[/font][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3]Smoking tobacco[font=宋体]→[/font]nicotine in the blood streams[/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3][font=宋体]→[/font]the blood vessels constract[font=宋体]…[/font][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3][b]18[/b][b][font=宋体]．[/font]5 [/b][b][font=宋体]关于写因果段落的建议（续）[/font][/b][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3]3[font=宋体]）着重分析直接的、明显的原因[/font][/size][/color]
[size=3][color=navy][font=宋体]每个结果都有无数的原因，同样，每个行为都会导致无数的结果。因果段落应只着重分析直接的、明显的原因，忽略间接的原因。例如，一个学生成绩不好，直接原因是没有认真学习，间接原因也许是对学校不满。显然，我们应该着眼于直接的原因而摒弃间接的原因。[/font][/color][/size]
[color=navy][size=3]4[font=宋体]）根据重要性或熟悉程度排列细节（见第[/font]19[font=宋体]单元）[/font][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3]5[font=宋体]）使用适当的排列符号（[/font]listing signals[font=宋体]）（见第[/font]34[font=宋体]单元）[/font][/size][/color]
[size=3][color=navy]Exercise 18-1[/color][/size]
[color=navy][size=3]Directions[font=宋体]：[/font]Read the following paragraph of cause and effect[font=宋体]，[/font]adding suitable listing signals and linking expressions[font=宋体]．[/font][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3]There are many reasons why languages change[font=宋体]．[/font]____[font=宋体]，[/font][/size][/color]
[color=navy][size=3]various languages that started from the same parent developed their own uniqueness after groups of speakers drifted away from one another to establish isolated[font=宋体]，[/font]independent communities[font=宋体]．[/font]________is the independence of and interaction with foreign cultures[font=宋体]，[/font]often as a result of military conquest[font=宋体]．[/font]________is rapidly expanding technologe and new systems of communication that bring all cultures and languages into close contact[font=宋体]，[/font]with borrowing between languages a common phenomenon in the contemporary world[font=宋体]．[/font]All languages change as the experiences of their speakers change[font=宋体]．[/font][/size][/color]
[b][size=3][color=navy]Exercise 18-2[/color][/size][/b]
[color=navy][size=3]Directions[font=宋体]：[/font]Write a paragraph analyzing the causes of students cheating on exams[font=宋体]．[/font][/size][/color]
[size=3][color=navy]________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[/color][/size]
[size=3][color=navy][/color][/size]
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