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【85】被动句中的动词形态 - 英语讲义 作者:欢乐鱼 阅读次数:1034
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被动句中的动词形态
信箱里有一张装修商的传单,上面有这句话:
Exchange this leaflet for a free gift and also be entitle to a lucky draw with no purchase required.
这句话清楚吗?很清楚!问题是第二个并列分句的被动语态的动词形态“entitle”不对。为什么不对呢?这就要从主动语态(the active voice)和被动语态(the passive voice)的差别谈起。
在主动语态里,主语是动作的主角,如: ① I have just bought a new dictionary. ② They will invite you to dinner.
在被动语态里,宾语成为主角,原来的主语则靠边站,移至句后,如: ③ A new dictionary has just been bought by me. ④ You will be invited to dinner by them.
在被动语态的结构里,最重要的成分是接系动词“be”+主动词的过去分词(be+past participle of the principal verb)。③里的”has been bought”和④里的“will be invited”便是这个成分。根据这原则,“be entitle”就要改为“be entitled”才行。
现在多看看几个例子: ⑤ One must do the work properly.→The work must be properly done. ⑥ Someone took down the pictures.→The pictures were taken down. ⑦ Anne gave John a photo.→John was given a photo by Anne.
在⑤和⑥里,原来的主语不重要,所以在被动句中被省略了。在 ⑦里,我们看到两个宾语,一个是直接宾语(direct object)“a photo”,另一个是间接宾语(indirect object)”John”。直接宾语一定是“事物”;间接宾语就是“人物”。
这样的主动语态,有两种变法。除了”John was given a photo by Anne”之外,另一个方法是“A photo was given to John by Anne.”
在日常英语用途上,直接语态比间接语态用得多。但在下列情况中,则应采用被动语态:
㈠主语不详,如: ① A puppy was knocked down. ② Actions must be taken to improve the economic situation.
㈡突出宾语,如: ③ The gangster was sent to prison. ④ Two eye witnesses have been questioned. ⑤ All good students will be rewarded.
㈢不方便提到主语,如: ⑥ Some students are said to be often late for class. ⑦ The name of the suspect has been submitted to the police.
㈣动词习惯以被动式出现,如: ⑧ You are expected to work hard from now on. ⑨ The last train is scheduled to leave at 10p.m. ⑩ All loyal citizens are supposed to defend their country.
①—⑩这些被动句中的原有主语通常被省略,不出现。
关键字:英语讲义 | | | |
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