许国璋英语-许国璋电视英语第二十三课上

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[size=3][b]课文： [/b][/size]
[size=3][b] TWO FRIENDS AND THE BEAR
　Two friends were travelling together through a forest. One of them said, "If we meet any wild beasts, I'll help you and you'll help me." "That's fine," said his friend, and they walked on.
Suddenly a big bear ran out from behind a tree. The man who said he would help his friend at once got up a tree and hid himself among the leaves. The other man could not climb trees. So he threw himself on the ground, closed his eyes and pretended to be dead.
The bear came up and sniffed at the man's head. It put its nose close to his mouth and ears. The man held his breath. The bear thought he was dead and walked away, for bears never touch dead men.
When the bear was gone, and all was safe, the man in the tree came down. With a smile, he asked his friend, "What did the bear tell you when he put his nose so close to your ears?"
"Well," said his friend, "the bear said, 'Don't trust those who leave their friends the moment they get into difficulty!'"[/b][/size]
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[size=3][b]课文译文[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]　　　　　　两个朋友和熊
　两个朋友在一道旅行，穿过一座森林。其中一人说:“要是碰到野兽，我就帮助你，你也要帮助我。”“好的，”他的朋友说。接着，他们继续往前走。
突然，一只大熊从一棵树后面跑出来。那个说要帮助他朋友的人马上爬到树上，把自己藏在树叶丛里。另外一人不会爬树，于是便倒在地上，闭住眼睛装死。
熊走过来，闻闻这个人的头，又把鼻子凑近他的嘴和耳朵。这人屏住呼吸。熊以为他已经死去，便走开了，因为熊从来不碰死人。
熊走了，一切都平安无事了。树上的人爬了下来，他笑嘻嘻地问他朋友:“熊把鼻子凑到你耳朵旁，跟你说了些什么?”
“噢”，他的朋友答道:“熊说，不要信任那些一遇困难就背弃朋友的人。”
(摘自《伊索寓言》)[/b][/size]
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[size=3][b]课文讲解：[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]　　　　 NOTES TO THE TEXT[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]Aesop’s Fables 伊索寓言集[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]adapted from Aesop’s Fables 根据《伊索寓言》改写而成
adapted是被动语态，意思是“被改写成”；
adapted... from... 意思是“根据……改编（改写）成……”例如：
He adapted the play from the novel. 他根据那部小说改编了这个剧本。
The play was adapted from the novel. 这个剧本是根据小说改编过来的。（被动语态）[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]Two friends were travelling through a forest.
were travelling是travel的过去进行时，这个时态由助动词be的过去式 + 现在分词构成。
a forest是“一片森林”，而复数forests则表示“成片成片的森林”。[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]One of them said: “If we meet any wild beasts, I’ll help you and you’ll help me.”
所说的话是跟在引述动词said的后面。[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]“That’s fine,” said his friend, and they walked on.
直接引语位于句子的开头，这种情况下引述人和引述动词的主谓语序往往可以颠倒，如“said his friend”；而位于开头直接引语，即使话结束了也要用逗号。
That’s fine在口语中常常表示对某一意见的同意或赞成。
and they walked on是和前面带有直接引语的句子具有并列关系的分句，内容上是独立的，主谓语序不受前面句子的影响；副词on跟在一些不及物动词后面表示动作、行为的继续。[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]Suddenly a big bear ran out from behind a tree.
from behind a tree中介词from后又跟了介词短语。例如：
I’m from out of town. 我不是本地人。
You may choose from among these discs. 你可以从这些激光唱片中挑选。
The noise came from under the floor. 声音是从楼下传来的。[/b][/size]

[size=3][b]The man who said he would help his friend at once got up a tree and hid himself among the leaves.
这是一个并列句，由and连接两个分句，两个分句中的谓语动词分别是got和hid；前一个分句中，the man后面跟了一个由关系代词who引导的定语从句，修饰the man，因为是特指，所以man前面要加定冠词the，定语从句中又包含了一个宾语从句he would help his friend，would是will的过去式，和前面的said保持时态上的一致。
at once 意思是“立即，马上”在这里作状语。
got up意思是“爬上”相当于“climb”。
hid是hide的过去式，其后的himself是反身代词，作hid的宾语。[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]So he threw himself on the ground, closed his eyes and pretended to be dead.
这句连用了3个动词threw，closed和pretended，表示一连串紧凑的动作。
threw oneself on是习用短语，反身代词oneself要视具体情况作相应变动。例如：
They threw themselves at the enemy. 他们一下子向敌人猛扑过去。（threw oneself at是“向……猛扑过去”）
She threw herself into his arms. 她一下子投入了他的怀抱。（threw oneself into是“投身于……”）[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]The bear came up and sniffed at the man’s head.
came up在这里不是“到上面来”，而是表示“走近”；come up to sb. or sth. 走近某人或某物；表示去的方向用go up —— go up to sb. or sth.
sniff是不及物动词，如果后面要跟宾语，就要与介词at搭配，连用。[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]It put its nose close to his mouth and ears.
it指代the bear；close to意思是“接近于”，to是介词。例如：
She was close to tears. 她差点要哭出来。
It’s getting close to midnight. 快要到半夜了。[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]He held his breath.
hold one’s breath 意思是“屏住呼吸”。和breath有关的短语：
out of breath 上气不接下气。喘不过气来
He has run for an hour and he is out of breath now. 他跑了一个小时，现在已经是上气不接下气了。
take a breath 喘口气
Let me take a breath. 让我歇一歇。[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]The bear thought he was dead and walked away, for bears never touch dead men.
这是一个主从复合句，连词for引导原因状语从句，for是“因为，由于……的缘故”，语气比because要弱一些，一般用于解释性的理由。
主句是个并列结构，谓语动词有2个，分别是thought和walked，在thought后又跟了一个宾语从句he was dead，宾语从句的引导词是that，但常常可以省略。
主句的时态是一般过去时，而从句的时态是一般现在时，因为这里用一般现在时来说明一个一般性的事实或常识，即bears never touch dead men，bear是用其复数形式表泛指。[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]When the bear was gone, and all was safe, the man in the tree came down.
这是主从复合句，when引导的时间状语从句是一个并列关系的结构，and后所接的分句实际上就是“when all was safe”的意思。
gone是形容词，意思是“离去了的”，在联系动词was后面作表语。
gone的用法：
All those happy days were gone. 所有那些快乐的日子都过去了。（gone表示“时间过去的，以往的”）
His hair was nearly all gone. 他的头发差不多全掉光了。（gone表示“丧失了的”）
All my salary is gone. 我的工资全用光了。
His parents were gone and he became an orphan. 他的父母去世了，他成了孤儿。（gone表示“死了的”）
all是不定代词，意思是“一切”，当all表示“一切情况”，作主语时，一般被看成是第三人称单数，所以后面的动词用was而不用were。
介词短语in the tree修饰前面的名词the man。[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]With a smile, he asked his friend...
介词with在这里的意思是“带着”，表示方式，作状语。[/b][/size]
[size=3][b]“Well,” said his friend, “the bear said: ‘don’t trust those who leave their friends the moment they get into difficulty!’”
直接引语被分成两部分，位于句子的前后两头，这种情况下，引述者和引述动词的主谓语序也往往颠倒，如这里的“said his friend”。
在这里well是个表示语气的感叹词，用于开始说话前，相当于汉语中的“噢”、“这个”之类的语气词。
在后一部分的直接引语中又套了一个直接引语，也就是熊所说的话，用单引号来表示。
those是代词，指代those people，作trust的宾语；后面跟了一个由关系代词who引导的定语从句，修饰those；关系代词who代表those，作定语从句中的主语成份。
the moment是连接时间状语从句的一个短语，表示“一……就……”，既可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。例如：
I’ll call you the moment I get there. 我一到那儿就给你打电话。
The moment she entered the room, she turned on the TV set. 他一进屋就打开了电视机。
get into difficulty 遇上困难
类似结构的还有：
get into trouble 遇上麻烦
get into danger 遇到危险
moral 寓意
The moral of this story is, don’t trust those who leave their friends the moment they get into difficulty.
A false friend is the worst enemy. 虚伪的朋友是最恶的敌人。
A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难之交才是真正的朋友。[/b][/size]